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Ethyl (R)-(-)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyrate is a chemical compound that belongs to the class of β-ketoesters. It is a chiral molecule that exists as two enantiomers, (R)-(-)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyrate and (S)-(+)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyrate, with the (R)-(-) form being the biologically active one.This compound has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in several areas. One area of interest is its potential as an anticancer agent. Studies have shown that (R)-(-)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyrate inhibits the growth of various cancer cells by interfering with their metabolic processes. It has been observed to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, induce cell cycle arrest, and promote apoptosis. These effects suggest that (R)-(-)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyrate could be a promising candidate for the development of novel anticancer drugs.Furthermore, (R)-(-)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyrate has been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown to suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). This anti-inflammatory activity suggests that (R)-(-)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyrate could have potential applications in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.In addition, (R)-(-)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyrate has also been investigated for its neuroprotective effects. Studies have demonstrated its ability to protect neurons from oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, which are key contributors to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. These findings suggest that (R)-(-)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyrate may have potential therapeutic applications in the field of neurology.Overall, the research on the effects of ethyl (R)-(-)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyrate is still in its early stages, but the available data point towards its potential therapeutic applications in cancer, inflammation, and neuroprotection. However, further studies are warranted to fully understand its mechanisms of action and assess its safety and efficacy in different disease models.